PROBLEM SOLVING TEACHING SERVICES

 STUDY AIDS ONE: ABBREVIATIONS

 

Contents

 

 

 

Aims And Objectives        

 

Section One:            Core Concept              

Section Two:             Rules         

Section Three:          Concluding Comments       

  

Appendix One:          A List Of Fifty-Two Common And Standard Abbreviations

Appendix Two:          A List Of Sixty Standard Symbol        

Appendix Three:       Some Examples Of Personal And Specialised Abbreviations

 

 

Aims

 

By the end of this study, the reader should be able to know what abbreviations are and what they are used for.  In particular they should:-

 

1.         Know the exact purpose of abbreviations.

2.         Be familiar with the rules used in abbreviations.

3.         Have some acquaintance with standard abbreviations and symbols.

4.         Have the capacity to employ abbreviations in their own note-taking.

5.         Have the ability to devise their own personal abbreviations.

6.         Be able to differentiate between personal and specialised abbreviations.

 

Section One: Core Concept

 

Abbreviations are letters or symbols that represent longer words or symbols.  For example, ‘AB’ for abbreviation.  Their purpose is to facilitate note-taking and information storage.

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Section Two: Rules

 

2.1       Clarity.  A place must exist where the reader can look up rare or personal ABs.

2.2       Consistency.  Do not allow ABs to have more than one meaning.  For example:-

 

C         =          Copyright                                 NP= No Place Of Publication

C         =          About a Certain date                NP= New Paragraph

C19     =          Nineteenth Century                   NP= New Page

 

2.3       Limit.  Except for very technical subjects, ABs should not go into essays or any other piece of literature.  They are usually only meant to serve in note-taking.

2.4       Standardise.  Where possible, employ standard ABs and symbols in preference to personal ones.

2.5       Uniformity.  Formulate and adhere to one system of ABs and symbols

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Section Three: Concluding Comments

 

ABs can both save time and improve the quality of note-taking - especially during lectures. Examples of various kinds of Abbreviations will be found provided in Appendices one to three.

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Appendix One: A List of Fifty Two Common and Standard Abbreviations

 

 

N

 

AB

 

Meanings

 

N

 

AB

 

Meanings

 

01

 

A, Ans

 

Answer, in answer to

 

27

 

Intro

 

Introduction, introduce

 

02

 

A-Z

 

From beginning to end

 

28

 

Loccit

 

In the place already cited

 

03

 

Ab, Abbn

 

Abbreviation

 

29

 

Mat.

 

Material

 

04

 

A/P

 

As previously

 

30

 

Ms(s)

 

Manuscript(s)

 

05

 

App(s)

 

Appendix, appendices

 

31

 

N/A

 

Not applicable

 

06

 

ASAP

 

As soon as possible

 

32 

 

NB

 

Note well, is of importance

 

07

 

C, c

 

Copyright

 

33

 

ND

 

No date of publication

 

08

 

Cent

 

Century

 

34

 

NP

 

No place of publication

 

09

 

c.circa

 

About a certain date e.g. c1991

 

35

 

OPcit

 

In a work recently cited

 

10

 

c.f.

 

Compare, in this context

 

36

 

P, PP

 

Page, pages

 

11

 

Ch(s)

 

Chapter(s)

 

37

 

Para(s)

 

Paragraph, paragraphs

 

12

 

Col(s)

 

Column(s)

 

38

 

Passim

 

Throughout the work

 

13

 

Conc(s)

 

Conclusions, concentrations

 

39

 

PS

 

Post script

 

14

 

Def

 

Define, definitions

 

40

 

PTO

 

Please turnover

 

15

 

Ed.

 

Editor

 

41

 

Q, QP

 

Question or quotation on page

 

16

 

Edn

 

Edition

 

42

 

Q.V.

 

Which see (used in cross reference)

 

17

 

e.g.(s)

 

For example, as example

 

43

 

Ref

 

Reference, with reference to

 

18

 

et al

 

And others, e.g. Jones et al

 

44

 

Rev

 

Revised by, revision

 

19

 

etc.

 

And so on, continuing

 

45

 

(sic)

 

This is so, to guarantee, of extract

 

20

 

et seq.

 

And following e.g. p 64 et seq.

 

46

 

Stet

 

As it sounds, do not alter

 

21

 

f, fe

 

To the finish e.g. Luke 9:3(f)

 

47

 

Th.

 

‘Teenth’ e.g. 19th

 

22

 

fig

 

Figure, diagram

 

48

 

Tran(s)

 

Translator(s) translation(s) translated

 

23

 

fl

 

And the following e.g. p64 f1

 

49

 

V(s)

 

Verse(s)

 

24

 

Fol(s)

 

Folio(s)

 

50

 

Vol.(s)

 

Volume(s)

 

25

 

IBID.

 

In the same work, as previously indicated

 

51

 

W/A

 

When appropriate

 

26

 

i.e.

 

That is

 

52

 

W/O

 

Without, e.g. W/O cream

 

Comments

A lack of any clearly defined  standardised system means that:-

1:1       Many abbreviations have various meanings, e.g. C, Q, Trans.

1:2       The same meaning is covered by various AS e.g. not known is covered by D/K

            (Don't know), N/K and U/K (Unknown)

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Appendix Two:

A List of Sixty Standard Symbols

 

 

N

SYM

MEANING

N

SYM

MEANING

01

&

And

35

n

Union With, United To

02

mm

Millimetre(s)

36

n

Connected To, Joined or Linked With

03

cm

Centimetre(s)

37

F

Disconnected or

Separate From

04

Km

Kilometre(s)

38

­

Increasing, Growing,

Rising

05

Ha

Hectare

39

¯

Decreasing, Declining,

Falling

06

M1

Miles

40

®

Causes, Gives

07

Mph

Miles Per Hour

41

¬

Is Caused or Given By

08

MPs

Miles Per Second

42

«

Mutually Interacting

09

Cm3

Cubic Centimetres

43

<---

Feedback Reaction

10

1

Litre(s)

44

¥

Infinity, Infinite,

Unlimited

11

Kg

Kilogram(s)

45

µ

Finite, Limited

12

t

Tonne(s)

46

 

Change

 

13

s

Second(s)

47

\

Therefore

14

Min

Minute(s)

48

.  .

  .

Because

15

h

Hour(s)

49

......

And on and on, e.g.

The echo shouted high...

16

N, No.(s)

Number(s)

50

 

Important point e.g.

Caesar's dead

17

oC

Degree(s)Centigrade, Celsius

51

 

Very Important Point-

Caesar Has Been

Murdered

18

oF

Degree(s) Fahrenheit

52

 

Of Special Importance

Caesar Is

19

+

Add, and Plus

53

ü

Correct, Good Point Or

Answer

20

-

Minus, Subtract, Take Away

54

x

Incorrect, Wrong Point

Or Answer

21

x

Multiply, Times

55

?

Ambiguous, Confused

Point Or Answer

22

¸[a1] 

Divide, Fractionalise

56

*

See Below, At The Bottom

23

/

Or

57

(1)

See First Footnote

24

=

Equal To

58

N

Number, In Numerate

Form

25

=

Equivalent To

59

%

Percentage, In

Percentage Form

26

=

Not Equal To

60

!

Exclamation, An

Astonishing Statement

27

>

Greater Than

 

 

 

28

³

Greater and Equal To

 

 

 

29

<

Less Than

 

 

 

30

£

Equal and Less Than

 

 

 

31

S

Sum Total Of

 

 

 

32

S

Empty Set, Nothing In It

 

 

 

33

É

Contains, Covers, Includes

 

 

 

34

Ì

Is Contained, Covered or

Included By

 

 

 

 

                           

Appendix Three: Some Examples of Personal and Specialised Abbreviations

 

 

N

 

AB

 

Personal ABs

 

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

08

09

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

 

Aq

CR

DW

E/D

En

F

Few

GW

PD

Phil

RT.

S_

T_

N/P

N/S

TSF

TST

 

 

 

 

Aqueous

Cross reference

Dead works

Expletive deleted

Election

Faith

Freewill

Good Works

Predestination

Philosophy

Random Thought

Social Change

Trinity, Trinitarian

New Paragraph

New Sentence

Transfer from

Transfer to

Reverse sentence

Reverse wording

Conflict, hostility, open warfare

 

 

N

 

AB

 

Specialised ABs

 

01

02

03

04

05

 

Capt.

Gk

Hb, Heb

Jn

M1

 

Capital, Capitalism

Greek

Hebrew

John

Narrow band of money supply

 

NB:  Personal  are those  having been invented for private use.  Specialised  are those having been accepted within a particular speciality e.g. economics and theology.

 

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